Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is one of the most widely used spices which has many pharmacological effects and several health benefits. However, it is known to piperine of black pepper provide inconsistent effects on virility and fertility in male. In this study we aim the effect of black pepper fruit extract on testicular function—both hormonal and histological—in alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic rats. A total 24 male Sprague Dawley rats divided into four group (6 rats each). Group 1 (control) consisted of rats provided with food and water *ad libitum*. Group 2 consisted of rats induced with alloxan (150 mg/kg BW) on days 0 and 14 to serve as the hyperglycaemic group. Groups 3 and 4 consisted of hyperglycaemic rats administered black pepper extract every two days for 28 days at doses of 122.5 mg/kg BW and 245 mg/kg BW, respectively. The measured parameters included blood glucose levels, total testosterone levels, sperm quality (count, motility, and abnormalities), and testicular histological parameters (counts of type A spermatogonia, preleptotene spermatocytes, pachytene spermatocytes, spermatids, and Leydig cells). The results showed that hyperglycaemic rats treated with black pepper fruit extract exhibited reduced blood glucose levels, increased total serum testosterone, and improvements in sperm count, motility, and viability, alongside a decrease in sperm abnormalities. Histological analysis of the testes revealed an increase in the number of spermatogonia A, preleptotene spermatocytes, pachytene spermatocytes, and spermatids, as well as an increase in Leydig cells. Based on these data, it can be concluded that black pepper fruit extract has a curative effect on testicular dysfunction in alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic rats.

Thyroid glands demonstrate structural alterations throughout their life; however, there is little information on age-related histology features of guinea pigs. The aim of this research was to analyze the histological features of the thyroid glands of adult guinea pigs of different ages. Thirty-six adult guinea pigs were analyzed and assigned to four age categories (9 specimens in each category), which were 6, 12, 24 and 36 months old. Masson’s trichrome and PAS staining of thyroid tissues fixed in formaldehyde solution and processed routinely were carried out. Follicle size and distribution, colloid appearance, follicular epithelium morphology, distribution of parafollicular cells, interstitium structure and blood vessel features were diverse for different age groups among the investigated tissue samples. In 6-month-old animals, mostly relatively small follicles, located in loose connective tissue, were seen. The variability of follicles sizes and colloid distribution increased with age. Large follicle, foamy-appearing colloid, low colloid areas, flat follicular epithelium, follicular epithelium degeneration and vascular congestion occurred much more often in 36-month-old animals. Such results present a descriptive study of the histological characteristics of the thyroid gland of the guinea pig depending on its age. As the level of thyroid hormones and histomorphometrical measurements have not been examined in the study, the described changes in the histological structure cannot be considered as an indirect indication of thyroid dysfunction.

Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is one of the most important multifactorial disease syndromes affecting cattle and is associated with substantial economic losses through morbidity, mortality, treatment costs, and reduced production efficiency. BRDC develops through complex interactions among environmental and management stressors, host factors, primary viral infections, and secondary bacterial pathogens. This review summarizes current knowledge of BRDC pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic and preventive strategies. Important viral agents include bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine parainfluenza virus type 3, bovine herpesvirus-1, and bovine viral diarrhea virus, while major bacterial pathogens include Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis. Viral infection and stress can impair respiratory defenses and facilitate bacterial colonization of the lower respiratory tract. Diagnosis remains challenging because clinical signs are often nonspecific and molecular detection may identify organisms that are present without being the primary cause of disease. Multiplex quantitative PCR has expanded the capacity for simultaneous pathogen detection, but results must be interpreted together with clinical, pathological, and epidemiological findings. Effective control requires integrated herd management, including stress reduction, biosecurity, strategic vaccination, early diagnosis, and prudent antimicrobial use. Future advances will depend on improved vaccines, better host-response biomarkers, refined diagnostics, and sustainable alternatives to conventional antimicrobial therapy.

The present research is to be related with the students of the undergraduate study of University of Mosul college of Physical Education and Sports sciences. The study has been conducted during September, 2025 in the Animal Physiology Lab. The total number of the subjects of the study was 107 female and 68 male students aged between 18-21 years, enrolled in undergraduate course. Students blood typing and association with hemostatic parameters, such as bleeding and clotting time were studied. In both sexes blood-group typing was performed and bleeding time (BT) and clotting time (CT) were determined. Results of the study showed that the blood group B was the commonest blood group. The ABO blood groups are as follows: The bleeding and clotting time of O blood group is the longest. Based on the above data, it may be inferred that there could be a correlation between the two blood groups ABO and the above two tests (bleeding time and clotting time) in the study population.