Gene expression induced by drought and salt stress also, difference genes in different time are induced with different stresses. Plants of Arabidopsis were divided into groups one under salt stress and others are to drought for 6h. Most genes are expression in both leaves and epidermis under both treatments. However, DREB2Awas more highly expression in leaves at control and epidermis at 2h of drought stress as compared with other treatments.

In this note, the brain fungus, Calvatia craniiformis (Schwein.) Fr. ex De Toni (1849) (Basidiomycota: Agaricaceae) is recorded from Shale Sandstone Transitional Forest (SSTF) at Maraylya, New South Wales, Australia. The fungus was represented by three basidiocarps in two clusters of two and one fungal body pushing through leaf litter on the side of a rarely used four wheel drive track on private property. The vegetation of the site is described. A brief comparative review is provided on the biology and human use of the fungus in other countries where it occurs, viz. USA and India.

The study of atmospheric pollen content of an area is useful in providing vital information on environmental change, vegetation type, species composition and their utilization for safety health and sustainable development. The current study examined the diversity, morphology and comparative study of airborne pollen grains from four Local Government Areas in Akoko division, Ondo State, Nigeria. This study was carried out in fourty randomly selected locations to examine the temporal and spatial relationship between the atmospheric pollen content and its vegetation. The airborne pollen grains were collected with Modified Tauber Sampler using simple random sampling technique and analyzed palynologically. Results showed 50,661 pollen grains comprising of 182 pollen types belonging to 74 angiospermic plant families were encountered. Three (3) of these pollen types were identified to family level, 57 to species level, 121 to generic level and one (1) unidentified. The predominant pollen types belong to the family Poaceae, Elaeis guineensis, Alchornea cordifolia, Aspilia africana, Casuarina equisetifolia, and Tridax procumbens. The presence of Empetrum nigrum, Linnea borealis, Linum sp., Stereospermum kunthianum and Vitellaria paradoxa pollen indicates evidence of long distance transport. Airborne pollen grains were most abundant between September and January. Rainfall and relative humidity had more negative effect on pollen concentration. The effects of temperature and light intensity varied considerably with time and location because their effects are influenced by other meteorological factors. Continuous environmental monitoring through pollen rain analysis is recommended in order to produce a pollen calendar for the studied area.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of several risk factors such as abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and considered risk for the development of the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Knowing contemporary aspects of the development of this disease allows understanding underlining mechanisms of the MS. This review summarizes modern concepts of the metabolic syndrome and its etiology, pathogenesis and biochemical mechanisms of the development of the metabolic disease.

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is the growth of microorganisms without free flowing liquid phase. SSF has been recently considered as the most cheapest and more environmentally friendly relative to submerged liquid fermentation (SLF) in the production of value added industrial based products such as enzymes, bio fuels and the likes. The comparison of SSF and liquid State Fermentation (LSF) has been summarized in a tabular form. The main microorganisms that occupied a pivotal position in achieving absolute SSF processes have been highlighted. A typical bioreactor has been addressed within the concept of SSF. The applications of the process in various economic sectors such as industrial fermentation, agro food industry and environmental control have been reported. Biomass measurement formula is shown, as well as environmental factors, both essential for studying and optimising solid substrate fermentations. SSF is advantageous and appropriate for production of many value added products like enzymes, antibiotics, and organic acids. This technique not only decreases the cost of the process but also makes product cheaper for consumers. This review aimed at gathering the disperse literature on the current state of art on SSF as it concerns biomass and metabolites formation.