Abstract: At a concentration of 200 mg/ml the methanol seed extract of L. sativum showed effects against tested bacteria. When tested against the diver's Staph. aureus bacterial strain, L. sativum methanol seed extract produced a 26 mm inhibition zone using a 1 ml solution but no inhibition zone formed when testing E. coli with E. faecelis because of the 0.12 ml extract solution. The research demonstrated that various seed extracts obtained from solvents produced distinct reactions toward gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. A variation in antifungal potential against Aspergillus niger was observed along with extract quantity differences in both antioxidant strength and extract form during testing. A concentration of 1 mg provided the methanol extract of L. sativum seeds with its strongest anti-oxidation effect which produced 91.419 percent effectiveness while the lowest effect was noted at 0.12 resulting in 81.308. The content of active substance in solution steadily lowered while extract concentration decreased. The seed extract exhibited function as an antioxidant. The research evaluates the anti-oxidative effects and antibacterial properties exhibited by elements of the Gc seed.

Background: Biofilm formation is a major challenge in healthcare, as bacteria encased in a protective matrix become highly resistant to antibiotics and immune defenses. Which urgently required a highly attention Objectives: This study investigates the antibiofilm activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and low frequency sonication against multidrug- resistant (MDR) bacterial isolates. Material and methods: Bacterial isolates were identified, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, which were isolated form different clinical samples. E. coli strains were nominated to synthesize the ZnO NPs. Production of the Zn nanoparticles were confirmed using various professional analysis applications using UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, and SEM. Results: treatment using 40 kHz ultrasound bath alone showed a 20% reduction in the ability of the K.pneumoniae of biofilm production after 30 min. ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) at MIC (12.5 mg/ml) exhibit clear antibiofilm activity 48.68% reduction, while the subMIC concentration revealed only 20.3%., but their efficacy is significantly enhanced when combined with 40 kHz ultrasound, leading to up to 18% biofilm inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae after 24 hours. Notably, sub-MIC below (12.5mg/ ml) of ZnO NPs exhibit a fluctuating effect on gene expression, for several biofilm-associated genes (FimH, K2A( as analyzed by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Conclusion: These findings underscore the potential of combined therapy of ultrasound and ZnO NPs as a cost-effective, eco-friendly alternative for managing (MDR) bacteria and biofilm-related diseases, with implications for future therapeutic applications.

Abstract: This research was aimed to examine Raffia palm wine prediction based on climatic data in Ikot Ekpene Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The secondary sources of data include meteorological records obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Station, and raffia palm wine yield obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture, Uyo. The autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was used to analyze climate variables and raffia palm wine yield. The result shows that the best ARIMA model for rainfall for Ikot Ekpene was (0, 1, 4) and (1, 1, 1) with AICC values of 9.912292 and 10.02025 and SC values of 10.00659 and 10.16652. The minimum temperatures for Ikot Ekpene were (1,1,1); (1,1,0) and (0,1,1), and the corresponding AICC values of 1.255038, 1.213633 and 1.271621, SC values of 1.397774, 1.308790 and 1.365917. The ARIMA model for raffia palm wine for Ikot Ekpene were (0, 1, 1) and (1, 1, 1) with AICC values of 12.48799 and 12.34525 and SC values of 13.07993 and 12.48799. The model efficiency was checked using the sum of square error (SSE), mean square error (MSE), Mean absolute per cent error (MAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE), respectively. The results of the various analyses indicated that the models were adequate and can aid future climatic and raffia palm wine projections. The researchers recommended that appropriate climate forecasting and early warning systems should be made part and parcel of planning and development to increase the yield of raffia palm wine, to improve the local dry gin industry.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of graded levels of dietary Atama (Heinsia crinita) leaf meal (ALM) on the growth performance and cost benefit of Starter Broiler chickens. A total of ninety-six (96) unsexed day old of Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly divided into four (4) treatments and each treatment was further divided into three (3) replicates of eight (8) birds, each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experiment which lasted for 4 weeks (28 days). Feed was formulated with different levels of Atama Leafmeal inclusion for the four treatments, as follows; T1, T2, T3 and T4 which contained 0%, 6%, 7% and 8% of Atama leaf meal, respectively. The parameters measured were initial weight gain, final weight, weight gain, daily weight gain, total feed intake, average feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein intake and protein efficiency respectively. Significant (p<0.05) differences were observed for final weight, weight gain, daily weight gain, total feed intake, average feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein intake and protein efficiency except for initial weight gain. The final weight gain, and daily weight gain followed the same trend, T1 (0%ALM) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than T2 (6%ALM), T3 (7%ALM), and T4 (8%AM). For the total feed intake, average feed intake and protein intake, T1 (0%ALM) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than T2, T3, and T4 while T4 was significantly (p<0.05) lower and statistically (p>0.05) similar to T3 (7%ALM). For the feed conversion ratio (FCR), birds fed diet 1 (0%ALM) had the least FCR which was the best followed by T2 (6%ALM) and T3 (7%ALM) while T4 (8%ALM) had the poorest FCR of 5.35. In conclusion, 6% ALM could be included in starter broiler chickens’ diet without any detrimental effect on the growth performance in cases where PKC is scarce.