Abstract: At a concentration of 200 mg/ml the methanol seed extract of L. sativum showed effects against tested bacteria. When tested against the diver's Staph. aureus bacterial strain, L. sativum methanol seed extract produced a 26 mm inhibition zone using a 1 ml solution but no inhibition zone formed when testing E. coli with E. faecelis because of the 0.12 ml extract solution. The research demonstrated that various seed extracts obtained from solvents produced distinct reactions toward gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. A variation in antifungal potential against Aspergillus niger was observed along with extract quantity differences in both antioxidant strength and extract form during testing. A concentration of 1 mg provided the methanol extract of L. sativum seeds with its strongest anti-oxidation effect which produced 91.419 percent effectiveness while the lowest effect was noted at 0.12 resulting in 81.308. The content of active substance in solution steadily lowered while extract concentration decreased. The seed extract exhibited function as an antioxidant. The research evaluates the anti-oxidative effects and antibacterial properties exhibited by elements of the Gc seed.

Background: Biofilm formation is a major challenge in healthcare, as bacteria encased in a protective matrix become highly resistant to antibiotics and immune defenses. Which urgently required a highly attention Objectives: This study investigates the antibiofilm activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and low frequency sonication against multidrug- resistant (MDR) bacterial isolates. Material and methods: Bacterial isolates were identified, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, which were isolated form different clinical samples. E. coli strains were nominated to synthesize the ZnO NPs. Production of the Zn nanoparticles were confirmed using various professional analysis applications using UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, and SEM. Results: treatment using 40 kHz ultrasound bath alone showed a 20% reduction in the ability of the K.pneumoniae of biofilm production after 30 min. ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) at MIC (12.5 mg/ml) exhibit clear antibiofilm activity 48.68% reduction, while the subMIC concentration revealed only 20.3%., but their efficacy is significantly enhanced when combined with 40 kHz ultrasound, leading to up to 18% biofilm inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae after 24 hours. Notably, sub-MIC below (12.5mg/ ml) of ZnO NPs exhibit a fluctuating effect on gene expression, for several biofilm-associated genes (FimH, K2A( as analyzed by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Conclusion: These findings underscore the potential of combined therapy of ultrasound and ZnO NPs as a cost-effective, eco-friendly alternative for managing (MDR) bacteria and biofilm-related diseases, with implications for future therapeutic applications.

Abstract: This research was aimed to examine Raffia palm wine prediction based on climatic data in Ikot Ekpene Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The secondary sources of data include meteorological records obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Station, and raffia palm wine yield obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture, Uyo. The autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was used to analyze climate variables and raffia palm wine yield. The result shows that the best ARIMA model for rainfall for Ikot Ekpene was (0, 1, 4) and (1, 1, 1) with AICC values of 9.912292 and 10.02025 and SC values of 10.00659 and 10.16652. The minimum temperatures for Ikot Ekpene were (1,1,1); (1,1,0) and (0,1,1), and the corresponding AICC values of 1.255038, 1.213633 and 1.271621, SC values of 1.397774, 1.308790 and 1.365917. The ARIMA model for raffia palm wine for Ikot Ekpene were (0, 1, 1) and (1, 1, 1) with AICC values of 12.48799 and 12.34525 and SC values of 13.07993 and 12.48799. The model efficiency was checked using the sum of square error (SSE), mean square error (MSE), Mean absolute per cent error (MAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE), respectively. The results of the various analyses indicated that the models were adequate and can aid future climatic and raffia palm wine projections. The researchers recommended that appropriate climate forecasting and early warning systems should be made part and parcel of planning and development to increase the yield of raffia palm wine, to improve the local dry gin industry.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of graded levels of dietary Atama (Heinsia crinita) leaf meal (ALM) on the growth performance and cost benefit of Starter Broiler chickens. A total of ninety-six (96) unsexed day old of Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly divided into four (4) treatments and each treatment was further divided into three (3) replicates of eight (8) birds, each in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experiment which lasted for 4 weeks (28 days). Feed was formulated with different levels of Atama Leafmeal inclusion for the four treatments, as follows; T1, T2, T3 and T4 which contained 0%, 6%, 7% and 8% of Atama leaf meal, respectively. The parameters measured were initial weight gain, final weight, weight gain, daily weight gain, total feed intake, average feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein intake and protein efficiency respectively. Significant (p<0.05) differences were observed for final weight, weight gain, daily weight gain, total feed intake, average feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein intake and protein efficiency except for initial weight gain. The final weight gain, and daily weight gain followed the same trend, T1 (0%ALM) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than T2 (6%ALM), T3 (7%ALM), and T4 (8%AM). For the total feed intake, average feed intake and protein intake, T1 (0%ALM) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than T2, T3, and T4 while T4 was significantly (p<0.05) lower and statistically (p>0.05) similar to T3 (7%ALM). For the feed conversion ratio (FCR), birds fed diet 1 (0%ALM) had the least FCR which was the best followed by T2 (6%ALM) and T3 (7%ALM) while T4 (8%ALM) had the poorest FCR of 5.35. In conclusion, 6% ALM could be included in starter broiler chickens’ diet without any detrimental effect on the growth performance in cases where PKC is scarce.

This study included one hundred and fifty one day old chicks divided into five groups each group contain 30 chicks G1 control negative , G2 control positive (deionized water), G3 Intranasal vaccine with CS-NPs, G4 Intranasal vaccine with NDV (La Sota), G5 Intranasal vaccine with NDV-CS-NPs(EID50:107.5), each groups were vaccinated at 10 and 21 days old, blood samples were collected at 16 , 26 and 30 days old and examined by ELISA, the highest IgA level were in G5 (21.87 pg/ml) at 30 day old chicks. The infectivity of virulent ND virus were used to measure the titration of 70 embryonated eggs at ten-days old embryonated chicken eggs, the lethal dose (LD50) of local ND virus and the result was 107.34/1ml. G5 chickens vaccinated with the NDV-CS-NPs vaccine were completely protected against the ND virus challenge, while the chicks in G1 were dead following the virulent NDV challenge and displayed clinical signs such as conjunctivitis, sudden death, and ruffled feathers, as well as postmortem lesions such as hemorrhage the many positions of the trachea, caecal toncil, and on the tips of glands in proventiculus. These findings suggest that, in comparison to regular and nano-chitosan, the use of Newcastle disease vaccine-chitosan nanoparticles in experiment two (in group 5) produced a stronger immune response and better protection.

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, transmitted primarily through the bites of infected female sand flies (Phlebotomus spp. in the Old World and Lutzomyia spp. in the New World). It presents in several clinical forms, including cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and the visceral form known as kala-azar, the latter being the most severe. Dogs are considered a primary reservoir for Leishmania, the main causative agent of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL), contributing to the human-animal transmission cycle. This study aimed to diagnose the disease by this protozoan molecular and microscopically in stray and domestic dogs using a staining by gimsa stain. In the current study, a total of 75 blood samples of dogs (different in sex and age) were collected from other areas of Babylon City during the period from December 2024 to February 2025. The microscopic findings found that dogs infection by leishmania donovani the infection rate 41.33% (31 out of 75). A molecular study using PCR and sequencing techniques identified gene of leishmania donovani in dog sample. The sequencing technique demonstrated the species of L.donovani in this study. The molecular results demonstrated that 41 out of 75 dogs (54.66%). According to sex, no significant difference (p =0.669) was found in the infection, where it was 53.19% (25 out of 45) in males, while 57.14% (16 out of 28) in females. For the age groups, there was no significant difference (p=0.073), which has a high incidence of illness in canines less than 1 years 22/34(64.70%) compared to other age groups. Current data also revealed that the infection rate in rural areas was slightly higher than in urban areas, where it recorded 15/19 (78.94%) and 12/19 (63.15%), respectively, with significant differences (P = 0.025).

When conventional medical interventions fail to adequately address chronic illnesses, numerous individuals resort to alternative remedies. Included among these treatments are herbal medications, which may have a role in the prevalent and popular use of nutritional supplement-based therapies. This review sought to examine the description and classification of the gum arabic plant, its chemical makeup, its economic and medicinal significance, and its impact on the kidneys, liver, and diabetes. Gum arabic comprises several active constituents and offers multiple economic and medicinal advantages, serving as a protective agent for the renal system. Gum arabic functions as a natural antioxidant, crucially suppressing free radicals and mitigating the impact of reactive oxygen species, so safeguarding liver cell membranes from oxidative damage. Gum arabic also addresses elevated blood sugar and insulin levels, rendering it a possible therapeutic agent for diabetes. We ascertain that gum arabic has numerous active constituents and offers economic and medicinal advantages, playing a significant role in the management of renal and liver dysfunctions as well as diabetes.

This study was carried out to gain a better understanding of the genetic variability of the callipyge gene in the Awassi sheep breed and to offer useful data to researchers and breeders. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used, and blood samples from seventy Awassi sheep were examined. To ascertain the genetic variety in the gene linked to the calibage phenomenon, the resulting genotypes were examined. The findings demonstrated that a single genotype, known as "GG," was found in every sheep sample that was part of the investigation. Indicating a decrease in genetic diversity for this gene in this strain.

Diabetes mellitus DM is the most frequently found chronic disease among people. Scientists are now using traditional herbs as an addition to regular treatment in an attempt to manage blood sugar levels and minimize any negative effects. For a very long time, garlic was considered necessary for regulating both nutrition and health. At present, people from all over the globe are using garlic more and more. The purpose of this study is to see how garlic (Allium sativum) can treat diabetes and also fight multidrug resistance bacteria. Adding 100 g of garlic fleshed and 250 ml of distilled water to a mixing machine allowed the juice to be prepared. Once the slurry was all squeezed and filtered, the liquid was immediately frozen at a temperature of -10 °C before it was used. The standard method was followed to react Allium sativum extract with α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and starch solution to check the ability to inhibit α-amylase. at the same time, data was also obtained using infrared spectroscopy in a wave number range of 4000 cm−1 to 500 cm−1. The antidiabetic potential of garlic (Allium sativum) extract obtained from methanolic crude extract, ethyl acetate fraction, ethanol fraction, and acarbose (Standard) was shown to be (89.87±0.61, 34.86±0.25, 60.05±0.30, and 12.92±0.11), respectively, in inhibiting α-amylase. Inhibitory potency against α-glucosidase activity was found to be (71.62±0.55, 50.27±0.39, 39.38±0.26, and 19.00±0.17) accordingly. The anti-Escherichia coli activity was 30.07±0.50 for the metabolites of Allium sativum.

The (SnO2+CNTs/SnS) thin films deposited by the spray pyrolysis technique were used as photocatalytic application. The changes of structure, topography and optical characteristics upon the deposition of the upper layer were studied. The XRD revealed poly-crystalline mixed Orthorhombic and Zincblende phases and SnO 2 and C phases following the deposition of the upper layer. The FE-SEM images suggest the homogenous porous structure and the large differences in the surface morphology following the deposition of the upper layer. The UV-visible absorbance was enhanced, and the optical bandgap variation to tune to the peak of the solar spectrum. As the pH value rose beyond 8, the photocatalytic activity rose. The efficiency of degradation increased with deposition of the upper layer with the value rising to 95.84% after exposure to 120 min of solar radiation. These results lead to another approach to adjust the structural and optical quality of the SnS thin film by a simple method of nano-heterojunctions with an upper layer to apply to photocatalysis.