Dermatophytes infection is a common problem worldwide and frequent in Iraq. Several reports and articles were published on prevalence, distribution, causes and treatment of dermatophytosis. The current study included the collection of 100 clinical samples (70 skin peels, 20 hair samples and 10 nail samples), as well as 50 blood samples from patients with dermatophytes and skin consultants in Tikrit City and 20 healthy blood samples for the period from November 2023 to March 2024. The results showed that the most common dermatophytes isolated was Microsporum canis and T.rubrum 10 (20 %) isolates from 50 total , followed by M.gypseum, 6(12%) and 5(10%) T.mentagrophytes and T.verrucosum and 4(8 %) isolates E. floccosum and T.erinacei and finally appeared 3(6 %) isolate T.schoenleinii and T.concentricum. The results of the statistical analysis showed non significant difference P <0.05 in the total number of white blood cells and monocyte (5.15 ± 2.636, 0.89±0.51) in patients with dermatophytes compared with the group Control mean± SD (5.73±1.821, ± 0.69 ± 1.591) respectively. Lymphocytes significant decreased (1.82 ± 1.301) in patients with dermatophytes compared to control group (4.60 ± 1.35) P≤0.01. Furthermore granlocytes increased (2.30±1.591) in patients with dermatophytes compared to control group (0.33± 0.403) P<0.01. The study concluded that perhaps the reduction of some of the body's WBCs parameters has an important role in the incidence of fungal infection in people infected with them when compared to healthy people.

In recent years, fungal infections caused by filamentous fungi have posed a serious threat to public health worldwide. Fungi such as Aspergillus, Coccidioides, and Mucorales (the most common filamentous fungi), as well as Candida auris (a non-filamentous fungus), can cause infections in humans. It can cause serious life-threatening diseases in individuals with weakened immune systems, patients infected with HIV/AIDS, uncontrolled diabetes, blood disorders, organ transplants, and chemotherapy. In this review, we describe the available nan formulations (metallic and polymeric nanoparticles) that have been developed to enhance efficacy and reduce the number of adverse effects following the administration of conventional antifungals. The burden posed by fungal infections on human health is increasing worldwide. Fungi such as Aspergillus, Candida, and Cryptococcus are among the most common pathogens responsible for human diseases, accounting for over 90% of infection-related deaths. Moreover, effective antifungal treatments are not available, primarily due to host toxicity, pathogen resistance, and immunodeficiency. In recent years, nanomaterials have proven to be not only more efficient antifungal therapeutic agents but also capable of overcoming fungal drug resistance".

The purposes of the study were to assess the levels of total chlorophyll and protein content, as well as to determine the adverse impacts of different lead and cadmium chloride concentrations (10, 20, and 30 mg/L) on the physiological characteristics of Schoenoplectus litoralis and Myriophyllum verticillatum. The results of the study showed that the component concentrations in the water plants under investigation were higher at the end of the investigation when compared to the control sample, in addition to a decrease in the amounts of protein and chlorophyll in the water plants exposed to the effects of heavy metals.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) are frequently recommended to treat rheumatologically and inflammatory diseases as well as to relieve pain. Acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), acute interstitial nephritis, and renal papillary necrosis are among the serious renal hazards that NSAIDs are linked to, despite their effectiveness, particularly in people who already have kidney disease or those using NSAIDs long-term or at high doses. This umbrella review consolidates evidence from multiple meta-analyses and systematic reviews to clarify the nephrotoxic potential of NSAIDs. The review reveals that NSAID use, including both traditional and selective COX-2 inhibitors, is linked to a 50% to 70% increased risk of AKI and CKD. Adverse effects are primarily related to intrarenal vasculature disruption, glomerular damage, and sodium imbalance. Although some NSAIDs offer specific renal protections, overall, the harm often outweighs the benefits. Further research is needed to better understand these risks, especially the molecular mechanisms underlying NSAID-induced kidney damage and to identify at-risk populations. This understanding will aid in balancing the therapeutic benefits of NSAIDs against their potential renal risks, ensuring safer clinical use.

Remarkable positive associations across IL-15 values and the histopathological severity of celiac disease (CeD) indicate that interleukin (IL)-15 plays an essential part in the immunopathogenesis of the illness. There has been inconsistent evidence in certain research linking Helicobacter pylori to CeD. The goal of this meta-analysis was to measure the connection between CeD and H. pylori. Furthermore, the investigation examined the influence of H. pylori on the indications and categorization of CeD. This study includes 35 patients with CeD. They were fully informed of the study's goals before providing their signed consent. A group of 35 healthy blood donors made up the control group. Blood was drawn, transferred into gel tubes, and centrifuged. Serum specimens from both participants and controls have been obtained and then kept at -20°C in a deep freezer for subsequent use. It have been investigated the molecular relationship between IL-15 gene and CeD. It have been investigated the prevalence of H. pylori and CeD. The result of age and CeD incidence correlation indicates that there is no significance between age samples parameter and CeD incidence (control= 12.83 ± 0.4211, n=35 patients=12.23 ± 0.3358, n=35, p value=0.2692). Results of correlation between gender and CeD incidence indicates that number of male samples (24) and CeD incidence is more than that of female samples (11). Results of correlation between urban-rural residence and CeD incidence indicate that the average CDAT score for those who live in rural was higher in the urban area (good adherence to a gluten-free diet).

This study aimed to detect K1, K2, and MagA genes in Kebsiella pneumonia patients and IL-10 levels. The study included 30 samples from variant patients' swabs (urine, wound). Then, cultured in McConkey media for 24 hours, purified the isolated samples and extracted bacteria DNA to work on conventional PCR. The study shows the advanced assay acceptably well-known ten isolates (33.3%) as K1 and 11 isolates (36.6%) as K2 serotypes, magA 14 isolates (46,6%) among 30 isolates of K. pneumonia serotypes. The immunological detection of IL-10 from 30 patients in the current study showed a high increase (83.3%) in K. pneumonia. There was high virulence from k1, k2 and magA in K. pneumonia patients, and the levels of interleukin-10 increased to inhibit the infection.

Salmonella is an important bacteria that can lead to infections both in the body and intestines, posing serious health concerns. This study looks at how Salmonella infection affects the body and immune system in BALB/c mice, focusing on immune reactions, antibody creation. Thirty mice were divided into three categories: a high-dose infection group, a low-dose infection group, and a control group. We measured antibody levels using ELISA, checked white blood cell (WBC) counts, and looked at liver and spleen tissues closely. The results showed changes based on the dose, such as higher antibody levels, more WBC counts, and significant tissue harm in those infected. Statistical tests showed clear differences among the groups, providing important information on how Salmonella operates and how the immune system responds. This research helps us learn about interactions between the host and the pathogen and lays the groundwork for creating specific treatment methods. This study helps in knowing how hosts and pathogens interact and lays groundwork for creating focused treatment methods.

Examination using susceptibility tests of 112 urine sample revealed that the Escherichia coli is the mostly causative agent of women urinary tract infections in Kirkuk city. the high resistance rate %82.2 of E.coli was found to be against Clindamycin, where as other 32 bacterial isolation were exhibited multidrug resistant to 5 antibiotics used in this study . and lowest number of multidrug resistant isolates nine in total is resistance to six anti biotic .and all isolation were sensitive to Imipenem.