The age of 20-≤71years old. Also, in the current study, 30 healthy people were taken as a control group. Findings of the current study revealed substantial variations between chronic kidney disease (CKD) levels. The results of the current study demonstrated significant differences in s. urea between studied groups. Whereas, s. urea levels in CKD patients (107.42±8.52), were demonstrated a significant (P≤0.05) elevated in compared to a control (19.35± 2.16). while, creatinine levels in CKD patients (6.81± 0.55) demonstrated a significant (P≤0.05) elevated in compared to a control (0.84± 0.19). T3 levels in the end stage (5.17± 0.14) indicated a significant (P≤0.05) reduced than in other CDK stages and control group (6.34±0.28). T4 levels in the end stage (7.17±0.14) were significantly lower (P≤0.05) than in other CDK stages and control group (10.44±0.31). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the end stage (2.83±0.12) increased significantly (P≤0.05) compared to other CDK stages and control group (1.52±0.24). In contrast, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) levels in the end stage (184.03±17.31) increased significantly (P≤0.05) as compared to other CDK stages and control group (5.16±0.45). Cystatin C level in CKD patients (17.11±1.94) was demonstrated a significant (P≤0.05) elevated in compared to a control (8.04±0.37). It is concluded from the study that CKD patients suffer from hypothyroidism based on hormone concentrations. The study also revealed a negative correlation between FGF-23 and Cystatin C levels with eGFR in CKD patients.

In recent years, it has been shown that the use of chemical fertilizers negatively affects the environment and public health. Nano fertilizer have been discovered and used, and one of their many advantages is the speed and ease of obtaining them from various plant sources, which are cheap and currently available it's friendly for environment. The field experiment was carried out in the spring season of 2021 in a mixture of salty clay (cohesive soil) for the purpose of studying the effect of spraying synthetic nanoparticles used from iron oxide particles with onion plant extract at concentrations of 100, 200 and 300 parts per million on the growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus). The prepared nanoparticles were identified by the following assays: UV-visible spectrophotometry, XRD, FTIR, TEM, SEM and AFM. The results showed a significant effect of using Nano pesticides, especially with high concentration, in increasing average plant height, plant dry weight, leaf area and total plant yield. It was concluded from this study that the positive effect of Nano-fertilizer prepared with onion extract on plant growth, which led to an increase in cucumber productivity and the quality of its fruits, from that there is the possibility of using it as an alternative to conditional mineral fertilizers, after conducting several studies on the safety of using these plants treated with Nano-fertilizers for humans.

One of aging-related changes in the testes in male is impairment of spermatogenic process that make spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids cells decreased which ultimately reduces fertility. There are many phytochemical compounds that are known to have anti-aging properties. One plant that is known to contain anti-aging compounds is the kersen or Jamaica cherry (Muntingia calabura L.). This study aims to reveal whether the phytochemicals in kersen leaf extract can restore the number of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and spermatids, as well as the diameter and thickness of the seminiferous tubule epithelium in d-galactose-induced mice. There were 5 groups tested in this study. Group-1 was normal mice that were not induced and given the extract. Group-2 was a negative control where mice were induced with d-galactose but not treated. Groups 3, 4, and 5 were given 35, 70, and 105 mg/kg of cherry leaf extract, respectively. The results showed that kersen leaf extract was proven to be able to restore the number of spermatogonia cells, primary spermatocytes, and spermatids as well as restore the diameter and thickness of the seminiferous tubule epithelium. Thus, it can be concluded that kersen leaf extract has anti-aging properties in mice induced by d-galactose.

The study was conducted during the month of October 2022 until April 2023, with the aim of isolating and diagnosing the fungi that cause skin diseases from patients visiting the dermatology consultation affiliated with Salah al-Din General Hospital who were diagnosed as infected by dermatologists for the period from 1/6/2022 to 1/ 12/2023 For both sexes, aged between 10 and 60 years, by taking skin samples from the area of infection after wiping them with cotton saturated with 70% alcohol for the purpose of sterilization to get rid of any contaminants. Which was diagnosed clinically by a dermatologist in the dermatology consultation at Salah al-Din General Hospital and outpatient clinics. To evaluate the effectiveness of anti-griseofulvin in inhibiting the isolated fungi, the percentage of dermatophyte infections recorded by positive direct microscopic examination was only (88) patients, representing (88%) of the total number of patients. While the number of negative cases by negative direct microscopic examination was (59), or (59%). As for positive laboratory culture results, there were (79) patients, in the rate of (79%). While the number of negative cases by laboratory culture was (21), in the rate of (21%). The fungal genera that cause skin infections, such as Trychophyton and Microsporum, were isolated, with the genus Trichophyton being the most frequent, with 76 isolates belonging to several species, such as T. mentagrophytes, with a number of 29 isolates, then the fungus T. rubrum, with a number of isolates of 22, then the fungus T. terreste, with a number of isolates of 15, and then fungus T. schoenleinii, with a number of 10 isolates, while only three isolates of the M. canis type were recorded in the genus Microsporum. The results of the susceptibility test of the isolated fungi to Griseofulvin showed that the fungus T. mentagrophytes is more sensitive to the antichrysofulvin, as the average diameter of inhibition reached 32 mm compared to the control, followed by T. rubrum, which had an average diameter of inhibition of 16 mm compared to the control.

The purpose of this research is to clarify what Brunner's glands are and how they are distributed in the duodenum of three different dietaryly diverse animals: cats, dogs, and goats. Each species had a total of 20 individuals, which were then divided into four groups of five animals each. The animals were categorized according to their age, which spans from one day to sixty days. After collecting samples from several locations in the duodenum and preserving them with formalin, they were later analyzed histologically. The sections were stained with various dyes, including hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, Periodic acid Schiff, Alcian blue PH 2.5, and a mixture of the two stains. All of the species included in the study exhibited an abundance of vacuolated columnar cells in their epithelium-lining villi at the one-day mark. Short and uneven, with intervals in between, were the villi. Except in canines, where the crypts were plainly apparent, the bases of the villi did not have crypts in the lamina propria, but they did contain clusters of immature cells. Also, the muscularis mucosa did not remain constant from one age group to the next. Furthermore, with the exception of goats, a Brunner's gland vanished from the submucosa in as little as one day. It wasn't until the animal was twenty days old, though, that this happened. The muscularis mucosa did not have a completely matured circular layer, but the mucosa contained thin cylindrical villi. During histogenesis, Brunner's glands and the crypts both grew. The villi changed into their mature form in forty days, the crypts were visibly expanding, and the muscularis mucosa formed a circular layer with more Brunner's glands in the submucosa. The mucosa developed mature villi resembling leaves after sixty days. An advanced circular muscular layer covered the muscularis mucosa, and the crypts were more along in their development. Goats have a mix of gland types, in contrast to canines and cats whose duodenal glands are mucous-based. Within the submucosa, the glands were composed of closely packed acini. Positive reactions were detected in dogs and cats only with Periodic acid Schiff, but in goats, they were seen with Alcian blue, Periodic acid Schiff, and a mix of the two. The villi's morphology, crypt count, and gland count were all greatly affected by the age and diet of the subject. Furthermore, this study used a number of morphometrical analyses to show how the lining changed with time.

Leishmaniasis treatment has faced challenges with pentavalent antimonials, historically used but now showing resistance and high failure rates. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended higher doses, but resistance in Nepal and misuse persist. Antimonials are no longer the preferred treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian subcontinent but are still used for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Amphotericin B, especially liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB), has become the preferred treatment for VL in the Indian subcontinent, with high efficacy and shorter treatment courses. Genetic insights into leishmaniasis reveal that parasite species and host immune responses are key factors in disease variation. Genetic analysis of atypical parasite isolates shows that genetic variations can lead to different disease patterns. Whole genome sequencing and proteomic analyses offer fresh insights into how parasite genes and proteins impact drug resistance, post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), and unusual disease presentations. Variations in hereditary unit copy numbers and single nucleotide polymorphisms contribute to genetic diversity and distinct tissue distribution, leading to distinct disease patterns. Genomic markers for drug resistance in Leishmania parasites include ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, amino acid permease 3 (AAP3), and proteins like phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). These markers are associated with efflux of thiols and metals, antimony resistance, and protection against oxidative stress. Additionally, key proteins and enzymes in antioxidant defense mechanisms, such as iron superoxide dismutase-A (FeSOD-A), folate transporter 1 (FT1), and heat shock protein 83 (HSP83), play roles in drug resistance and parasite survival.

To investigate the effect of different protocols for estrus synchronization in ewes on the vaginal tract bacteria and evaluate the sensitivity of bacteria to different antibiotics. Sixteen local breed ewes were allocated to four groups, each containing four. Group A: ewes treated with sponges for 10 days; Group B ewes treated with CIDR for 10 days; Group C ewes treated with sponges for 14 days and finally Group D ewes treated with CIDR for 14 days. Sterile swaps were taken from the vaginaʼs mucous before insertion of sponge or CIDR and after removing it for each group. Vaginal swabs from synchronized ewes were obtained from the vaginaʼs mucous before insertion of sponge or CIDR and after removing it for each group to use in different bacteriological tests. The results showed that the most dominant bacteria were E-Coli 7/7 (100%), and Staphylococcus aureus (71%) before insertion, while in group A, the percentage was 75% and 100% for E-Coli only in group B and group C respectively. According to E-coli, the results showed that it was more sensitive to Doxycycline (3.36±0.3), Enrofloxacin (3.23±0.2), and Ciprofloxacin (3.18±0.3) figure (2). Also, Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to Doxycycline (3.32±0.4), Enrofloxacin (3.17±0.3), and Ciprofloxacin (3.12±0.3). It was concluded that the E-coli was the most prominent microflora in the vagina in ewes before and after insertion of sponges. Doxycycline, Enrofloxacin, and Ciprofloxacin are the most effective antibiotics against E-coli and Staphylococcus aureus.