Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune condition that causes joint inflammation, resulting in pain, tenderness, expansion, and even joint malformation. It mostly causes inflammation and thickening of the synovium, the membrane that lines the joints. Joint erosion, cartilage breakdown, and function loss are all possible outcomes of RA over time. Though it can affect any joint in the body, it usually affects the smaller joints in the hands and feet. A significant role can be played by genetic ability in the progress of rheumatoid arthritis. The review's subject, "PTPN22" (sometimes referred to as "LYP in humans or PEP in mice"), is the typical non receptor PTP belonging to the proline rich subgroup of Type I. PTPN22 is a "major negative regulator of T-cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction" which is mostly express in the immune cells. Interestingly, a mutation in this gene has been related to the onset of many autoimmune disorders. Several genetic variants have been identified that contribute to the risk of developing RA, including rs2476601. This review discussed the PTPN22 as master regulation of immune system and the role of rs2476601 in RA.

Human cystic echinococcosis is one of the greatest significant neglected tropical diseases. It develops and transmits from canines to human. The purpose of this study was to assemble information on the occurrence of human cystic echinococcosis in Basrah province /south of Iraq. Thirty samples of clinical diagnosed patients and the same as control, attended different hospitals, obtained during the period from August 2023 to June 2024. The majority of patients were in age group 10-19 while only 9% were with age group of 60-69. The study concluded that infections in female were about 19(63.3%) while in male were 11(36.7%), Most patients were inhabitant of rural area 16(53.3%) compared to14(46.7%) patients of urban area. Cystic echinococcosis is a condition that is mostly ignored. Medical specialists must work to reduce human cystic echinococcosis by advising people about its prevention and control.

Algae and their metabolites are possessing variety of properties that enhance different medical, industrial and environmental fields. These organisms are distributed in nature and adapt to variety circumstances. Nanotechnology is a fast developmental scientific field that a huge number of researches have globally published in order to cover its applications and provide recent findings of this significantly important field. This paper display back ground on nanotechnology, definition and historical overview, as well as different techniques involving the use of algae to facilitate the production of nano materials. Focusing on three groups; brown(phaeophyta), red (rhodophyta) and blue green algae (cyanophyta) and their extracellular metabolites. In addition, several medical applications of algae based nanomaterials is discussed. Including the use of these nano-sized particles against bacteria, virus, biofilm producing microbes and bio sensing technique.

The research aimed to isolate and diagnose the serological strains of Salmonella spp. that cause typhoid fever, as well as those that cause intestinal inflammations, and to study their histological pathogenesis after experimentally dosed in immunosuppressed male albino mice. The research included 180 blood and stool samples from people with typhoid fever, and 20 samples from people with diarrhea, as well as 30 samples representing the control group. The bacteriological results showed that 26 patients were diagnosed with S. typhi out of 180 patients with typhoid fever, representing 14.4%, and 5 patients were diagnosed with S. typhimurium out of 20 patients with diarrhea, representing 25%. The results of the study showed an increase in the levels of liver enzymes, as the average concentration of the ALT enzyme for the category of patients infected with typhoid, with a recent and confirmed infection with S. typhi, reached 11.283 international units/liter, and the average concentration of the AST enzyme for the same category reached 20.1 international units/liter, compared to the control group. 48 male laboratory mice were used and distributed into 4 groups of 12 mice per group. The first group was the control group that was dosed with physiological solution in an volume of 0.2 ml. The second group was dosed with a suspension of S. typhi bacteria in a volume of 0.2 ml and a concentration of 1×108 colonies/ml. The third group was dosed for a week with the immunosuppressant cyclosporine before and after the experimental infection with a suspension of S. typhi bacteria in a volume of 0.2 ml and a concentration of 1×108 colony/ml. The fourth group was dosed with a suspension of S. typhimurium bacteria in a volume of 0.2 ml and a concentration of 1×107 colony/ml. The mice were dissected one week, two weeks and three weeks after the experimental infection, at a rate of 3 mice per week from each group. The blood was collected and the liver was removed from each mouse. The results showed a slight increase in the ALT enzyme average concentration for the group of mice treated with the immunosuppressant cyclosporine and dosed with S. typhi, reaching 18.57 IU/L, while the group of mice dosed with S. typhimurium was within the limits of the control group and reached 12.24 IU/L. The AST enzyme concentration rate in the control group was 15.136 IU/L, and for the group of mice treated with the immunosuppressant cyclosporine and dosed with S. typhi, it reached 24.74 IU/L, while the concentration for the group of mice dosed with S. typhimurium reached 21.76 IU/L. As for the histological study, the results of the microscopic examination showed the occurrence of many histological lesions in the liver, represented by severe degeneration and acute necrosis, with hypertrophy and sometimes hyperplasia in the hepatocytes, and the loss of chromatin in the nuclei of a number of them, with thickening of the nuclear envelope and sometimes thickening of the nuclei, as well as vacuolation of the cytoplasm in other hepatocytes, with an increase in the number and size of Kupffer cells in the blood sinusoids, which varied in their appearance between narrowed, dilated and congested with blood. It was found that these pathological lesions were more severe in the group of mice treated with the immunosuppressant cyclosporine and dosed with S. typhi.

Introduction: Chronic diabetes leads to dyslipidaemia. Patients with dyslipidaemia, the most common risk factor for cardiovascular disease, also have a higher risk of severe evolution of COVID-19. Objective: To study the characteristics of lipid profile disorders in COVID-19 positive type 2 diabetic patients in Pointe-Noire. Methods: We recruited a total of 206 participants for this study. Detailed information on age, gender, and health status of participants was collected from medical records. Biomarkers were quantified from blood samples and the sars cov-2 virus was identified using the PCR technique on nasopharyngeal swabs. Results: The majority of patients were male (70.39%), COVID-19 severe symptoms (67%) and comorbidities (57.77%) were more common. CT↑39%, LDL↑36%, HDL↓77% and TG↑68% in non-survivors were found in patients with severe disease severity. A positive correlation between atherogenic indices (AIP, CRR and AC) with TC, LDL and TG then, an inverse linear relationship with HDL. There was also a negative correlation between CPI and HbA1c. Conclusion: The results of our study show that T2DM with severe signs of COVID-19 have high levels of harmful lipids (TG, CT and LDL) and high atherogenic indices (AIP, CRR and AC), while low levels of HDL, a cholesterol-trapping lipoprotein, and low CPI correlate negatively with HbA1c.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a mainly cause of severe respiratory infections which may leading to a chronic inflammation or to death, Azithromycin has recently received a lot of scientific attention due to its outstanding effectiveness in treating Other bacterial and some parasitic infections, because it is widely and safe for human use and is believed to be associated with side effects fewer compared with the other macrolide. The current study aims to isolation K. pneumonia from respiratory infection and evaluation histological changes on lungs and possible protective role by azithromycin and of VIT. C, included isolation K.pneumenia from diagnosed patients with respiratory diseases from Samarra hospital at January to April 2024 .All sputum samples were cultured by using selective media for K.pneumonia and Vitic device. In this study used 15 mice which randomly divided to three groups: The first group no treatment, second group treated with 30mg/kg of azithromycin, while third group treated with 30mg/kg from azithromycin plus 20mg/kg of vitamin C. In the results included morphologic the microscopic and biochemical examinations to identify of klebsiella and the histological changes of the lung tissue which included hemolysis in different area of tissue, thickening of the alveoli walls and infiltration of neutrophil and inflammation cells that showed in sections of groups which treated with k.pneumonia, while azithromycin and vitamin were worked on repair abnormalities and the pathologic changes on lung tissue.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of silver AgNPs and zinc nanoparticles ZnNPs loaded on edible gelatin covers at concentrations of 20 and 30%, alone or with the nisin compound at a concentration of 50%, on some chemical properties of Yogurt was kept for 20 days at 5 ± 2°C. Preserving yogurt results showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in moisture content during the storage period for all treatments., as well as the T7 treatment which silver nanoparticles were added at a concentration of 30% with the compound nisin at a concentration of 50% was the most capable of retaining moisture. As for the pH levels, T4 and T1 At the end of the treatments' storage time, they significantly reduced to be between (3.93 - 4.56). It was also found that the fat percentages continued to rise and reached their highest values in conjunction with the decrease in moisture values and were between (3.37 - 3.76 %) for both the T10 and T1 treatments at the completion of the storage time. As for the values of fatty acids, they did not differ significantly on the first day for all treatments, and they increased significantly as the storage period continuation, with values ranging between (1.42 - 1.94%) for the treatments, T4 and T3. As the humidity values decreased as the storage period continuation, as the storage period came to end, the ash percentage increased and reached its greatest values. The highest ash percentage was for treatment T7, reaching 0.83%, which differed significantly from the comparison treatment not coated with gelatin, T1, at which the ash percentage reached 0.70%.