Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease that is lifelong and is associated with hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and other dysfunctions of the organs. The antioxidant effect and bioavailability of selenium nanoparticles have been of interest, particularly whereby the nanoparticles have been stabilized using biocompatible polymers such as chitosan. Aim: The study in question was aimed at comparing the effects of metformin and chitosan-selenium nanoparticles (Cs-Se NPs) on biochemical and histopathological levels in an experimental model of type 2 diabetes in rats induced artificially. Materials and Methods: One hundred albino adult rats were separated into 6 groups i.e. control negative, control positive (alloxan induced diabetes), 1.5, 3 and 5mg/kg SCNP treated diabetic and a 500mg/kg metformin treated diabetic group. Alloxan was used to induce diabetes. The UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and AFM were used to characterize and synthesize Cs-Se NPs. Findings: The diabetic rats with Alloxan exhibited considerable serum urea, creatinine, liver enzymes, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL increases and a significant decrease in HDL. Cs–Se NPs treatment caused the most significant dose-related changes in all the biochemical parameters with the dose of 5 mg/kg showing the most significant protective effects, which were similar or even more effective than metformin. Conclusion: Chitosanselenium nanoparticles are powerful antidiabetic agent, antioxidant agent, and organ-protective agent in alloxan-induced type 2 diabetic rats. The increased doses of Cs Se NPs proved to be more effective and thus it can be pointed out that they can serve as an effective nanotherapeutic approach in the management of diabetes and its complications.

Dermatophytosis is a category of superficial fungi infection caused by the keratinophilic fungi, like Trichophyton rubrum, which attacks the conventional antifungal drugs less often. This article compared the antifungal activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Senna alata, Ficus carica and Ricinus communis against Trichophyton rubrum isolates obtained on human infections in Babylon Province in Iraq compared with itraconazole. The strongest antifungal activity was availed by Senna alata, aqueous extract and the alcoholic extract of Senna alata, in comparison with itraconazole. Statistical work was done with (One-way ANOVA) that revealed that there were significant differences between extracts (p < 0.05). These results suggest the possibility of Senna alata extract as a natural antifungal agent considering that it is safe, accessible, and can be used as an addition to managing dermatophytosis.

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disorder of fibrosing interstitial lung disease with variable courses of the disease. Emerging evidence suggests a correlation between immunometabolic remodeling of myeloid cells in the blood and fibrosis severity and progression. Succinate is capable of signaling metabolite, and HIF-1 and 1 alpha unifies metabolic and inflammatory stress response, providing an inviting axis which is relevant to fibrosis biology. Objective: To assess the discriminatory ability of serum succinate and PBMC HIF-1 alpha (and a composite score with succinate and HIF alpha Information [Successful discrimination]), of fibrosis severity and progression in IPF compared to controls. Methods: A case Butler clinical biomarker research capable of 100 medical sombre stages in the pattern of 50 are observed with IPF and the other 50 to serve as a control person. Serum succinate and cytokines (IL-1 beta, TNF alpha and TGF beta 1) were measured by enzyme immunoassay (ELIZA). HIF-1a was analyzed in lysates of the PBMCs (normalized on total protein). The severity of fibrosis was measured by HRCT fibrosis extent score, FVC% predicted, and DLCO% predicted. Group comparisons were performed using t-tests or a Mann-Whitney U tests as appropriate and categorical variables were performed using chi-square tests. Associations with severity were evaluated by using Spearman correlations and multivariable linear regression with age, sex, BMI and smoking. Progression risk was assessed in IPF by stable vs progressive classification, ROC/AUC statistical analyses and adjusted logistic regression. Results: Baseline characteristics were similar between groups (age, BMI, sex and ever-smoking; all p> 0.05). IPF had significantly increased serum Succinate (median, 3.14 [3.00-3.49] vs 2.24 [2.06-2.35] umol/l; p < 0.001) and PBMC HIF-1a (187.6 (+-21.6) vs 129.3 (+-27.2) pg/mg protein; P < 0.001). IL-1 beta and TNF alpha were up in IPF (both p<0.001) and TGF beta 1 slightly (p=0.013). Succinate was associated with HRCT score (rho=0.734, p<0.001), FVC% (rho=-0.480, p<0.001) and DLCO% (rho=-0.612, p<0.001) in IPF. A positive correlation was found between HIF-1a and HRCT (rho=0.360, p=0.010) and DLCO% (rho=-0.343, p=0.015). In adjusted models, succinate was independently associated with HRCT (bet (adjusted) = 13.991 per 1umol/L; p<0.001) and DLCO% (bet = -22.633; p<0.001), whereas HIF-1alpha was independently associated with HRCT (beta = 0.839 per 10 pg/mg; p=0.011) and DLCO% (beta = -1.207; p=0.013). Progression analysis revealed an increase in PBMC HIF-1a (p=0.003) and increase in axis score (p=0.008) during progressive disease. ROC analyses revealed the AUC value of succinate (0.608), HIF-1 alpha (0.794), and the axis score (0.755). Axis score was found to be an independent predictor of progression (OR = 3.33 per 1 SD; p= 0.012). Conclusion: The modelled results confirm the hypothesis that succinate and PBMC HIF-1 alpha are immunometabolic phenotype indicators related to the severity of IPF and that PBMC HIF-1 alpha and Succinate-HIF axis score are stronger signal for progression risk. Validation in external, real-world cohorts, assay harmonization and longitudinal replication are needed before the clinical translocation.