This paper focuses on the Indian cultural background having the themes like hunger, poverty, famine, war, politics, freedom, imperialism, economic exploitation, class consciousness in the Indo-Anglian English fiction writer Bhabani Bhattacharya‟s novel So Many Hungers!, related to the socio-political and economic situations of Bengali‟s society. The theme of the novel is mainly the existing pressing problems of India especially the rural India before and after the Independence. Realism is one of the most remarkable features of Bhabani Bhattacharya‟s fiction. His novel shows a passionate awareness of life in India, the social awakening and protest, the utter poverty of peasants, the Indian freedom struggle and its various dimensions, the tragedy of partition of the country, the social and political transitions, the mental as well as the physical agony of the poor peasants and labor class people of the Indian society, especially that of Bengal and other adjoining states. Bhattacharya believes that an artist should inevitably be concerned with truth and reality, his portrayal of the life and society is never a photographic one nor a journalistic record. One can very well find the reflection of Indian culture, tradition and struggle in it.

This paper contends that the future of Black philosophy should be grasped from the theological perspective which entails catching the conditions that prevailed in the Egyptian religious epistemic paradigm before the rise of speculative philosophy among the Grecian elite. The reason given for this conviction is that according to the prospective of Cheikh Anta Diop and the concordant predictions of ancient Egyptian and Sumerian mages as well Kôngo prophets, we are at the wake of an epistemic shift which will bring back the rise of the preponderance of the African spiritually based mode of thinking over the Western materialistic trend. It appears from this perspective that the reemergence of African traditional religion as an exact science, i.e., a coherent set of deductive knowledge, will force Black philosophy back to a low-key position where it will be recognized for what it epistemologically really is: a Western paradigm dealing with African issues.

This research explores the major problematic areas of writing at secondary level. Mostly student face the difficulty in different areas of the language rules and its usage but the most common problematic area is the grammatical area. Spelling mistakes, using inappropriate vocabulary, translation problems and problems with information organization are common among the students. The researcher used three tools in this research; class observation, students’ interview and assessment of students’ writing. These three tools were essential in finding out various writing problems different students experienced. I name it the “Triplet Method” to analyze the problematic areas in English language writing skill. Observing various classes, conducting numerous interviews and assessing scripts have all resulted in the authentic collection of information and a successful undertaking of the research. Moreover teachers’ speech was also recorded in a mobile phone. For data analysis, researcher observed three different classes of three different schools, from where 30 scripts accessed and took 30 interviews. Findings of the collected data show that writing problems are not due the inabilities of the students but the education system is also responsible for its drawback. This paper concludes with scopes for future research and investigations.

English proficiency test is one of the most authoritative types of language competence test, which can measure English competence of test-takers accurately. The validity and reliability of English proficiency test are relatively authoritative. The results of test are the authentic representation of test-takers’ level. Since English are spread and used widely all over the world, different kinds of English proficiency tests appear rapidly. Recently, College English Test (CET), Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) and International English Language Testing System (IELTS) are representative sample for English proficiency test in China. This dissertation compares CET with TOEFL and IELTS by summarizing their test forms and contents in listening, reading, writing and speaking, and analyzes features and purposes of CET, TOEFL and IELTS. According to the systemic analysis, this dissertation brings up the proper attitude that test-takers should hold for English proficiency test. Meanwhile, the author proposes some effective methods of English study for English proficiency test. The author also makes some rational suggestions for developing college English teaching method and modes of instruction.

Love is an eternal topic that continues to elicit emotive reactions throughout the ages. It can be conceptualized as an expression of peace and war. Love metaphors allow us to comprehend love in terms of more clearly delineated concepts [30]. Love metaphors are prevalent in Benga music by musicians from the Luo community of Kenya. Dr. Osito Kalle is one such musician whose songs are heavy with love metaphors in praise of his ladies. Benga music is a variant of the rhumba genre of music commonly found among the Luo of Western Kenya. Many studies have been done on metaphors as a genre of oral literature [27-29]. Other studies have been carried out on how metaphors construct mental images for the audience. However, these studies have not targeted love metaphors in Benga music as a form of entertainment and mental constructions of imagery. The use of love metaphors in songs is a sociolinguistic phenomenon that needs to be examined. This paper undertakes a Critical Discourse Analysis of the constructions of love metaphors by Osito Kalle in Dholuo cultural, social and environmental contexts.

The article discusses the genre of fiction films in the educational process. The study highlighted and analyzed relevant of film works to the educational process. The artistic features of mentioned films in the context of the educational process, their content as spiritual, moral, artistic and aesthetic are described. In the context of studying the features of the educational process, the involvement and use of cinematographic works in its framework becomes relevant. As it is known, the role of cinema in the system of culture is very important. After all, cinema art performs a special function in relation to society, the function of strengthening social ties between people, manifested in the need for spiritual involvement of the individual to society, because it is thanks to society and culture that a person forms his life values, priorities, ideals and worldview. Cinematography can form human qualities in every human individual, for it creates images of positive heroes that are a model of social behavior and consciousness that society needs. The purpose of the article is to reflect the specifics of the genre of fiction films in the educational process on the example of artistic techniques of films-winners of international youth film festivals. A descriptive method, a structural analysis method and an empirical study were used, consisting in viewing and selecting competitive works. The novelty of this article lies in the fact that films created by young directors, screenwriters and cameramen, who inherited the best traditions of children's films, are considered and described in the context of their significance for the modern educational process. Also the practical value of some of the films-winners of the international film festival "Light to the World" has been proved.

The strategic place of English language in national development and mutual co-existence of Nigeria is not debatable. English has become a foreign national language to which the destiny of Nigeria is inextricably tied. The teaching of English at all levels of education in Nigeria is bedeviled with certain debilitating challenges. This paper examines some of the challenges of teaching and learning English in secondary schools in Nigeria. It identifies such problems as poor quality of pupils admitted to secondary school, incompetent teachers of English, poor methodology and lack of motivation among others. The paper concludes that effective teaching of English language is a sine qua non for meaningful development in Nigeria and emphasizes the need for collective efforts in this direction. It recommends better training and retraining of teachers through continuing professional development practices and better commitment on the part of the government to the course of English studies in schools in Nigeria.