With English turning out to be a needed international tool for communication, debate after debate has risen on what methodology best teaches the language. This review article covers a range of ELT methodologies and their evolution, from traditional approaches contrasted with modern methods to strengths, limitations, and the place of technology within them. Traditional approaches to teaching, like grammar-translation, audio-lingual, and direct instruction, focus on the precept of structured learning; they focus on grammar rules and vocabulary. These methods, however, very often result in the negligence of communicative competence and also fail to engage learners actively, which in turn limits their real-life applicability. In contrast, contemporary methods such as CLT, TBL and TELL focus on interaction, fluency and learner autonomy. These methods, while promoting practical use of the language and integrating technology to enhance learning, also have tools for personalized and adaptive learning. However, the challenges posed by these methods, such as the digital divide and resistance to change among educators, are a significant barrier. Also very important is the need for interaction between traditional and modern, leading to a balanced framework by context sensitivity, which tries to maximize both linguistic and communicative proficiency. These recommendations then conclude the paper with a review of ideas on how best to synthesize innovative methods with old practices, emphasizing continuous professional development, investment in technology, and research into the longitudinal effects of hybrid teaching. With these factors in mind, educators will be able to accommodate the ever-changing nature of ELT and make sure learning is effective for students of diverse backgrounds.

This study delved deep into the complex and intricate nature of integrative complexity within Indonesian morphology. The research employed a comprehensive morphosyntax analysis, utilizing corpus data, qualitatives methodologies, and empirical observations to examine the structural interconnections and multifaceted elements that shaped the morphological framework of the Indonesian language. The investigation aimed to unveil the nuanced patterns and layered structures that contributed to the integrative complexity of Indonesian morphology through a thorough examination of the language's morphological processes. The findings showed (1) that the Indonesian language utilized a diverse range of affixes, such as prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes, each contributing uniquely to the grammatical and semantic nuances of words; (2) the intricate interplay between full, partial, and iterative reduplication highlighted its crucial role as a significant contributor to the integrative complexity within Indonesian morphology, and (3) the syntactic configurations in Indonesian interacted harmoniously with affixation, reduplication, and other morphological components, thereby uniquely shaping the integrative complexity within Indonesian morphology. These findings helped shed light on the rich and diverse linguistic landscape of Indonesian morphology, offering valuable insights into the complex nature of morphological processes. This study contributed to linguistics, highlighting the importance of integrative complexity and its role in shaping the linguistic landscape of Indonesian morphology.

The Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903) was one of the most influential Islamic states in West Africa, founded by Usman dan Fodio through a jihad that sought to reform governance and religious practices in the region. Beyond its political and religious impact, the Caliphate played a significant role in the development of Islamic literature, education, and intellectual traditions. This paper explores the literary contributions of key figures such as Usman dan Fodio, his daughter Nana Asma’u, and his brother Abdullahi dan Fodio. Their writings, covering Islamic theology, governance, history, and poetry, have left a lasting legacy that continues to shape scholarship, religious discourse, and educational practices in West Africa and beyond. This study examines the themes, significance, and contemporary influence of the Sokoto Caliphate’s literary output, demonstrating its role in preserving and advancing Islamic knowledge in Africa.

This study presents an contrastive examination of word order variations in Chinese and English, with a specific focus on their syntactic distinctions that influence machine translation outcomes. By meticulously analyzing word formation, phrase, clause, and sentence, the research contributes valuable insights aimed at enhancing translation accuracy. For such a micro-level contrast, two distinct translation approaches, namely sequential translation and conversion translation, are delineated. Regarding machine translation implications, a proposed flow chart emphasizes the importance of fluency and aesthetic qualities, incorporating a contrastive word order corpus and a comprehensive Chinese-English database. Additionally, ethical considerations are integrated into the flow chart to ensure the overall quality of the translated text.