This article analyzed the Costs and Returns on Tree Crops Planting in Tropical Environment. Trees Crops planting offer financial and social returns over the years and it is a lucrative long-term investment in tropical and sub-tropical environments. Despite the substantial gain on investment in tree planting, only few people are still involved in the business. Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and Net Present Value (NPV) were calculated to determine the financial viability of tree crop planting. The study showed that tree crop planting is a profitable business as shown by positive NPV of ₦2,187,822.0 and N2, 782,214.97 for Gmelina aborea and Moringa oleifera plantations respectively, after 10-years of maturation and harvesting at 14% discount rate with a B/C Ratio of 1.97 and 1.6 respectively. Also, NPV of N1, 575,487.10 for a 5-year small scale private nursery establishment with a B/C Ratio of 2.79 at a 14% discount rate also confirm that the investment on nursery establishment is highly profitable. It is recommended that with adequate support and incentives, farmers can take advantage of these opportunities and invest in nursery enterprise and tree crop sub-sector of the economy.

Small ruminants are preferably raised for meat production and hair or wool and milk as by-products and the population of sheep and goats has been growing exponentially among all species of livestock in Pakistan. But the small ruminants’ production has faced huge implications of gastrointestinal worms’ infestations and thereby significant reduction in the production of the animals. The parasitic burden is not only health devastating but also caused severe parasitic infections and production losses. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants in District Dera Ismail Khan (D. I. Khan) and Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan and to determine the worm burden of Haemonchus contortus in terms of Egg per gram and to study the risk factors of the disease. For this purpose, a total of 480 fecal samples were collected randomly from the sheep and goat population of the District D.I. Khan and Lakki Marwat, during the four seasons of the year 2020-21 and 2021-22, for the determination of the prevalence of Haemonchus contortus. The results revealed that 12.97 and 13.30% were the overall prevalence of Haemonchus contortus in sheep and goats, respectively. The area-wise incidence of Haemonchus contortus in sheep and goats population, in District D. I. Khan and Lakki Marwat, was 11.25 and 15.68% in sheep and 12.50 and 15.51% in goats population. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the prevalence of the parasite in both districts D. I. Khan and Lakki Marwat, whereby the incidence was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Lakki Marwat. The males showed a prevalence of 11.57% while, females showed a prevalence of 13.64%, thus the difference was non-significant (P≥0.05). As the Haemonchus contortus bears major economic importance in both species of small ruminants and decline the production significantly and badly affects the health and growth of the animals, the results of the current study revealed that both the Districts of Pakistan are endemic for the Haemonchus contortus infestation and requires special attention to its control.