This study was carried out to determine the toxicity of tamarind seed husk powder to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The range – finding test was conducted twice in order to get reliable values that could be used for the definitive test. The toxicant (tamarind seed husk powder) was introduced at varying concentrations of 0mg/l, 2mg/l, 4mg/l, 6mg/l , 8mg/l and 10mg/l in the first range- finding test, while it was introduced at concentrations of 1mg/l, 2mg/l,3mg/l, 4mg/l and 5mg/l in the second range- finding test. However, in the definitive test, the toxicant was introduced at varying concentrations of 1.2mg/l, 1.4mg/l, 1.6mg/l, 1.8mg/l and 2.0mg/l. From the definitive test, the Median Lethal Concentration of tamarind seed husk powder to Oreochromis niloticus was found to be 1.52mg/l. The study showed that Oreochromis niloticus juveniles exhibited initial erratic movement, rapid opercular movement, skin discoloration and loss of reflex. The water quality data were analyzed by subjecting them to one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).Thus, the study indicates that tamarind seed husk powder is toxic to Oreochromis niloticus juveniles.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of substitution of extruded soybean meal (ESM) (Digesta™) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, immune responses, biochemical variables of blood, and nutrient digestibility of ileal in broiler chickens (Ross 308). 225 chicks were randomly distributed among 5 trial groups (3 replicates of 15 chickens). The dietary treatments included different levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) of diet replacing ration of soybean meal with ESM which were fed to birds during a 42-day experimental period. The results showed that chickens fed diets 75% or 100% ESM had the highest (P <0.001) daily overweight rates and also had the best FCR. The results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on carcass parts. Replacement of 50% of soybean meal with ESM resulted in the decreased ventricular area and increased percentage of chest compared to the control group (P <0.05). Replacement of 75% soybean meal with ESM increased the antibody titer against the influenza virus in comparison with other experimental groups (P <0.01). The serum triglycerides, glucose, and uric acid (UA) were decreased by the replacement of soybean meal with ESM (P <0.05), but the total protein showed an increase by the increasing ESM to 100 % (P <0.01). Substitution of 75% and 100% of ESM in diets decreased the activity of enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (P <0.01) and increased triiodothyronine hormone (T3) (P <0.05). The use of ESM in all substitution levels increased the carcass protein content (P <0.001) and improved ileal digestibility of crude fat (P <0.01). Also, the highest ileal digestibility coefficients of protein were observed in the chickens fed diets 75 % or 100% ESM. In conclusion, the results of this experiment indicate that the extruding process of SBM has a beneficial effect on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in broiler chicks.