The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nematodes infection on pcv value in Goats, Sheep, Horse, Donkey and Cattle’s. A total of 469 samples of faecal and blood were collected and transported to laboratory for detection of nematodes eggs and determine pcv value. The results obtained revealed that the higher prevalence rate of nematodes in study animals was on donkey when compared with others. The prevalence rate was higher in summer season than other autumn and winter. The effect of nematodes infection on PCV was found significantly lower (P<0.05) in Haemonchus spp, Trichostrongylus spp and Strongyloides spp when compared with Ascaris spp, Strongylus spp and Oxyuris spp.

Tegal City, located in the North Coast of Java, is one of the areas that has experienced the development of fish processing industry activities, such as the home industry of fresh fish delivery, fish salting, fish fillets, fish meal making and others contained in the Block J. Area the large number of fish processing industries in the Block J area can have an impact on the environment and surrounding communities. These impacts can be either positive or negative. This study aims to determine the effect of the presence of fish processing waste on water quality that affects environmental conditions around the area of processing activities in depth. Raw materials for fish management production found in Tegalsari PPP (Coastal Fisheries Port) include: turmeric (Upeneus sulphureus), swangi (Priacanthus tayeneus), brown (Pomadasys macullatus), curator (Nemipterus nematophorus), peperek (Leiognathus bindus), and beloso (Saurida undosquamis). The fish processing waste contained in the Tegalsari PPP has a negative impact on workers, namely the total worker's income in the region does not experience a significant increase. In addition, fish processing waste contained in the Tegalsari PPP can be said to have polluted the surrounding environment. This is because some of the observed water quality parameters have a high pollution index. The results of water quality measurements that have been carried out (Table 1), can be recognized that the average water pH ranges from 7.61–8.08, DO 0.12-2 mg/l, TSS 810-1065 mg/l, NH3 0, 04-0.1 mg/l, BOD 10-30 mg/l, COD 44-90 mg/l, and oil-fat 194-344 mg/l.

This experiment was conducted at Dept.of Soil and Water Conservation and Engineering, CAET, OUAT, Bubaneswar, Odisha, India. It was conducted to estimate the hydrologic parameters of 27E/17 watershed of Kandhamal district under North- eastern ghat zone. In this study the various hydrological parameters of 27E/17 watershed of Kandhamal district was found out using the topo sheet. To carry out this experiment the contour lines were marked to demarcate the high points and the delineation of watershed was done with this the stream line was also marked which carry the runoff from the entire catchment area. Various features of hydrological parameters were found out. Simulating these data the runoff volume could be calculated and the possibilities of construction of river valley projects in that area can be obtained. The shape of the watershed is oval shape. Due to narrow catchments the peak flood intensity is reduced since discharges are likely to be distributed over a long period of time. The drainage density (Dd) was found to be 1.95Km-1 which is a high value and indicates that the basin is moderately impermeable and also high bifurcation ratio indicates higher Dd. It is affected by permeability, climate, vegetation, length of stream.The watershed planning and the cropping pattern of the watershed in the command area has been carried out.

Background: As other animals, fish needs essential nutrients to enable metabolic activities including growth, reproduction, repairs, etc. In fish culture practices, studies on the quantity and rate of feeding are aimed at identifying the optimum level/ration. Objective: This study evaluated growth performance, feed utilization and survival of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed varying feeding levels diets in tarpaulin tanks for 14 weeks (August – November, 2019). Methodology: The experiment was carried out at Fulfillment Fish Farm in Uyo Metropolis, Nigeria using 9 tarpaulin tanks of 1M3. Three (3) feeding levels were chosen as treatments with triplicates. These were 2%, 4% and 6% fresh body weight of the fish and were designated as 2FL, 4FL and 6FL respectively. Twenty-five fingerlings each was randomly stocked in the tanks (25fish/m2) and starved for 24 hours before the commencement of the feeding trial and the initial mean weight (3.69±0.01 g) was measured. The fish was fed twice daily (08:00 hrs and 16:00 hrs) at 2%, 4% and 6% respectively with Alaqua feed at 42% crude protein. The feeding rate was adjusted fortnightly with increase in body weight. Results: Results showed significance (p<0.05) in mean final weight, mean weight gain, specific growth rate, percentage weight gain, performance index, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio across the feeding trials with 6FL having highest growth response and 2FL having better feed utilization. Survival rate and mortality rate were non significant (p>0.05) across treatments. Conclusion: On the basis of growth response, feeding African catfish (C. gariepinus) at 6% body weight per day is recommended for raising African catfish at reduced cost of production.

Shredded shrimp production is still classified on a small scale with insufficient human resources, traditional technology, and an inadequate managerial system making weaknesses in business development experienced by the Sumber Rejeki Sejahtera Group. The purpose of this study is to formulate a priority strategy in developing shredded processing business. The method used in this research is a case study by conducting interviews using a questionnaire. Analysis of business development strategies using TOWS (Threats, Opportunities, Weakness, and Strengths) and QSPM (Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix) approaches. The results of this study in the form of priority strategies in the development of dried shredded shrimp using QSPM analysis are to increase promotional activities, expand distribution and marketing networks to maintain product quality, product development, optimize business production volume, improve services to consumers and distributors, improve the quality of human resources.

Effects of seed pre-treatments on germination of Ceiba petandra (Kapok) tree in Northern Savanna of Nigeria were studied, using Kaduna State as a case study. Three (3) pre-treatments methods (concentrated Sulphuric acid (H2S04) scarification, cold water and mechanical scarification) were used in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) experiments. The seeds were soaked in water for the period ranging between 1-7 days; those soaked in conc. Sulphuric acid were for the period ranging from 5minutes to 35minutes, while mechanical scarification ranged from 5-35 minutes. The data collected were analyzed using ANOVA and then subjected to Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results revealed that treatment with cold water immersion for 2days gives 95% germination while treatment for 6days and 7 days are significantly (P<0.05) lower in germination, 45% and 30% respectively. Acid scarification shows that the treatment with conc. H2SO4 for 20 minutes resulted in 85% germination while treatment for 5 minutes and 10 minutes were significantly (P<0.05) lower with germination of 41% and 45% respectively. However, for mechanical scarification the result shows that germination percentage improved with increased period of shaken. Germination of seeds shook for 25 minutes, 30 minutes and 35 minutes were the highest and were not significantly (P<0.05) different from each other (80%, 71% and 68%). It is therefore, recommended that, for uniform germination and improvement of growth of Ceiba petandra the nursery workers should make use of cold water immersion by soaking the seeds in it for 2days.

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are toxic environmental pollutants of worldwide concern, distributed in trace quantities within the aquatic ecosystem components (water, sediments and fish) and can possibly bio-concentrate, bio-accumulate, bio-transform and/or bio-magnify through the food web and constitute serious environmental and human health hazards. Hence, the need to determine and quantify the concentrations of OCPs in selected water bodies in some states in South-West Nigeria to ascertain the safety of the aquatic components especially the fishes which are for consumption. The study was carried out in Lagos, Oyo, Ogun and Ondo States, where two (2) water bodies in each of the State were purposively selected based on their popularity for fishing activities and other anthropogenic activities. The aquatic components (water, sediment and fish) samples were obtained, extracted and examined for OCPs forms (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT], endosulfan and aldrin). The water samples retained mean concentrations (DDT [0.001 - 0.023 µg/ml], endosulfan [0.001 - 0.080 µg/ml] and aldrin [0.001 - 0.003 µg/ml]), sediment samples (DDT [0.003 - 0.028µg/g], endosulfan [0.002 - 0.355µg/g] and aldrin [0.002 - 0.013 µg/g]) and fish samples (DDT [0.001 - 0.016 µg/g], endosulfan [0.001 - 0.111 µg/g ] and aldrin [0.004 - 0.123 µg/g]). The detected OCPs concentrations except for endosulfan in the water and sediment components were within WHO set maximum residual limit (MRLs) while in fish samples, the residual concentrations except for aldrin were within set MRLs. DDT, endosulfan and aldrin are persistent in the environment and have been classified by NAFDAC as likely human carcinogens or carcinogenic agent, hence their prolong exposures in the aquatic environment may result in environmental degradation, loss of aquatic biodiversity and human health hazards.

The use of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane and gamma-lindane has been limited in many countries but allowed to be used restrictively as prescription medicine in humans. However, in some developing countries, they are unscrupulously used in grains preservation. This study aimed at determining the concentration of DDT and γ-HCH in cowpeas collected from South-West states of Nigeria and determine the possible daily intake in these areas. Seventy-six samples of cowpeas were obtained from local markets in South-West Nigeria. Ten gramme of cowpea was weighed, pulverised, extracted with dichloromethane (150 ml) and cleaned-up using silica gel. The extracts were then analysed for DDT and γ-HCH using GC-MS with a Restek column. The mean concentration of γ-HCH was highest in Agege market (168.00±0.114) µg/kg in Lagos state, while Eleyele market (64.26±0.138) µg/kg in Oyo state had the highest mean concentration of DDT. Health index of 6.13 was obtained for γ-HCH in children. This study has shown that high level of DDT and γ-HCH were used in the preservation of cowpeas. The concentration of these pesticides exceeded the maximum residual limit (MRL), making the cowpeas probably unfit for human consumption.