Objective: The aim of the current search is to determine the DNA fingerprinting and genetic distance of eight varieties (Sham6, Sham9, Ibaa99, Fayyad, bohoth22, Nizar, Buro, Nazar) of local bread wheat grown in Tikrit city using RAPD -PCR Markers. Materials and Methods of Work: DNA was extracted from the young leaves of the samples after (15) days of cultivation. The concentration and purity of the DNA were measured, and RAPD-PCR indicators were applied to the DNA of the eight varieties using (23) primers. The results sample were transferred on electrophoresis, exposed to ultraviolet light The gel was photographed, and the images were transferred for statistical analysis. Results: The primers used produced (591) band, of which (96) were general band and (495) were different band. A genetic fingerprint was established for most of the genotypes, characterized by a number of distinctive bands totaling (43), of which (30) were unique and (13) were absent. The Sham 9 G2 variety had the high number of unique bonds, reaching (7) bands, The Nizar G8 variety had the fewest, possessing only one unique band. As for the absent bands, Own the Bohoth 22G3 variant with the high number of bands, reaching (3) bands. In contrast, the Sham 6 G1 variety absent bands. The primers varied in size, resulting in band sizes ranging from 100 to 2500 bp. The genetic distance values ranged (0.275 - 0.664), where the lowest genetic distance was between the two varieties, Inaa 99 G3 and Al-Nizar G6, If the ratio appears as 0.275, a considered the greatest similarity between the two types included in the search. As for the highest genetic distance, it reached 0.664 between the two varieties, Buhouth 22 G5 and Al-Buro G7 the lowest similarity. Conclusion: The varieties were characterized by high genetic variation among and distinctive (unique and absent) bands. The RAPD markers showed high efficiency in determining the genetic fingerprint and genetic distance of the studied genetic structures.

One of the most serious limiting factors to cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) production in arid and semi-arid areas is drought stress. This paper has examined the elastic co-action of nano-ascorbic acid (nano-AsA) and green-synthesized iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) applied as a folaric acid on cowpea growth, physiology, and yield during varying irrigation regimes. The experiment was a field experiment that was performed during summer in the year 2024 in Najaf, Iraq and was split-plot in nature with three replications. Irrigation treatments included 50% (I₁), 60% (I₂), and 70% (I₃) depletion of available soil water, while foliar treatments consisted of distilled water (T₀), nano-AsA (50 mg L⁻¹; T₁), green-synthesized FeNPs (50 mg L⁻¹; T₂), and their combination (T₃). The FeNPs were synthesized through the green synthesis, which is environmentally friendly using the Moringa oleifera leaf extract, whereas the nano-AsA was synthesized by the ultrasonication. Findings revealed that the drought stress seriously diminished the height of plants, leaf area, number of pods and seeds per plant, dry biomass, and grain yield and increased proline content and activity of peroxidase. Application of nano-AsA and FeNPs (particularly their combination) alleviated the negative impact of drought through the promotion of antioxidant defenses, vegetative growth, and reproduction. Combined treatment (T 3) was always better than the individual application which led to delayed flowering, high biomass, and yield stability at stress levels. The results of the study indicate the possibility of combining nano-AsA and green-synthesized FeNPs as a new and greener approach to enhancing drought resistance and sustainable cowpea growth.