Specific instability of boreholes drilled through rocks, such as borehole breakout, borehole collapse, and shale swelling, is a significant concern in drilling operations due to the adverse impact it has on drilling safety and efficiency. Despite considerable research on borehole instability, finding a solution to this problem remains elusive. The objective of this review is to examine the primary mechanisms of instability in rocks from a general physical instability principle perspective. A key criterion for the analysis of specific instability problems is the construction of comprehensive phase diagrams. Within this context, three main approaches and their partial implementation are discussed. The first approach involves constructing phase diagrams under the assumption that the borehole has already caved and aims to determine the final position of the cave wall. However, this approach presents several challenges. Caving may lead to severe kick-off or break-off problems, instability during the caving process, and complications in simultaneously modeling caving in a fluid-like porous material alongside flow filtration through the open walls of the borehole. The second approach entails developing phase diagrams that characterize the mechanical and hydraulic instability of the borehole wall being driven. These phase diagrams serve as specific instability criteria, but they face difficulties in generalizing across various failure mechanisms since they are typically non-quasi-static and are disregarded after failure occurs and the propagation ban is implemented. The third approach involves analyzing phase diagrams to investigate the results of the touch modes of compliance. However, these phase diagrams and the collapse of final boundary conditions often overlook the main depletions and in-situ impedances, which are crucial system-specific physical complements that enhance the classical mode of balance equation. Therefore, the integration of these factors is essential for a more comprehensive understanding of borehole instability.

Zambia faces a paradoxical situation where the country achieves national food security through surplus agricultural production, yet significant portions of its population experience food insecurity at the household level. This disconnect arises from systemic issues such as socioeconomic disparities, inequities in food distribution, and climate vulnerabilities. Understanding and addressing this paradox is essential for ensuring that food security is both inclusive and sustainable. This study analyses the factors contributing to Zambia's national food security alongside the persistent household-level food insecurity. It seeks to identify the disconnects between policy and implementation, explore structural and social barriers, and propose actionable recommendations for bridging the gap. The study synthesizes data from academic literature, national reports, and global food security indices by adopting a review-based approach. Case studies from both rural and urban settings provide contextual insights, while comparative analysis with other countries offers a broader perspective. The analysis is guided by a framework encompassing the key dimensions of food security: availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. The findings indicate that while robust agricultural outputs and strategic policies strengthen Zambia’s national food security, household-level food insecurity persists due to poverty, limited market access, and inadequate social protection measures. Structural inefficiencies, post-harvest losses, and climatic risks further exacerbate these challenges. There is a significant need to align national food security policies with grassroots realities to ensure equitable outcomes. To address this paradox, the study recommends promoting climate-resilient farming practices, enhancing food distribution systems, and prioritizing smallholder farmers in policy frameworks. Social protection programs must be expanded to cover the most vulnerable populations, while community-based initiatives can foster local solutions to food insecurity. Bridging the gap will require coordinated efforts among government, civil society, and private sector stakeholders. This study underscores the importance of inclusive food systems to achieve equitable and sustainable food security in Zambia.

Examination using susceptibility tests of 112 urine sample revealed that the Escherichia coli is the mostly causative agent of women urinary tract infections in Kirkuk city. the high resistance rate %82.2 of E.coli was found to be against Clindamycin, where as other 32 bacterial isolation were exhibited multidrug resistant to 5 antibiotics used in this study . and lowest number of multidrug resistant isolates nine in total is resistance to six anti biotic .and all isolation were sensitive to Imipenem.

Most of the global stroke burden occurs in low- and lower-middle-income countries. The most common obstacles families face when caring for stroke patients appear to cause various tensions between patients and their families. This study examines family members' experiences of caring for patients after a stroke. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive phenomenological design. The research participants were 11 participants using purposive sampling techniques. Data were analyzed using NVivo 12 qualitative data analysis software, and interview results were analyzed using thematic analysis. This study identified five phenomena related to the experience of caring for patients after stroke: fulfillment of patient's daily activities, patient treatment, participant psychological response, participant support, and barriers to patient care. Most participants had a less pleasant experience caring for patients after a stroke. This is reflected in sad reactions, angry reactions, the need for help and support from the government, health workers, and other family members, and barriers to patient care. It is important to ensure good coordination between health services and patients and their families, as patients and participants do not have access to health services due to distance and physical disability.