Thyroid disorders are among the most common endocrine diseases and often involve dysregulation of thyroid hormone production and immune responses. The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene plays a critical role in regulating thyroid gland function. Alterations in TSHR gene expression may contribute to the development of thyroid dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate TSHR gene expression levels in patients with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism compared with healthy controls. Sixty individuals were included and divided into three groups: hyperthyroid patients (n = 20), hypothyroid patients (n = 20), and healthy control subjects (n = 20). TSHR gene expression was analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference (P < 0.01) among the studied groups. The hyperthyroid group showed significantly higher TSHR gene expression (3.4988 ± 1.3906) compared with the hypothyroid group (0.6509 ± 0.2462) and the control group (1.1190 ± 0.4155). These findings indicate that increased TSHR gene expression may be associated with hyperthyroid conditions and could play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases.