Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that is caused by protozoan parasites in a genus. Understanding of the host immune response and genetic vulnerability is significant in the development of a successful methodology of treatment. Aim: To investigate the cellular immune system of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Maysan Governorate, southern Iraq according to the hematological parameters, cytokine concentrations and the HLA type patterns. Methodology: It was an analytical study that was a descriptive study and comprised of 60 confirmed patients. The analysis of complete blood count, cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10) measurement, and HLA typing were conducted using PCR-SSP. Results: The majority of the patients exhibited normal hematological parameters with minimal to slight inflammatory indicative parameters reflected by a slight increase in white blood cells. Parasite regulation was linked to high levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α and the partial regulation was linked to high levels of IL-10. The better immune response was related to the HLA-A*02:01 and HLA-B*35:01 as determined by HLA allele analysis was carried out. These findings suggests of a crucial role played by genetic factors in the control of cutaneous leishmaniasis; the cellular immune reaction is modulated by genetic factors that are denoted in terms of HLA alleles. Conclusion: The study elucidates host-parasite interactions in an endemic area and also underlines the significance of incorporating hematological, immunological and genetic tests to comprehend the severity of the disease and optimize disease control strategies.