Curcumin, the main bioactive compound derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, has gained significant scientific attention for its wide-ranging therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. However, its clinical utility has been limited due to poor water solubility, rapid metabolism, and low bioavailability. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have led to the development of curcumin-loaded nanoformulations, such as liposomes and nanoparticles, which enhance its solubility, stability, and targeted delivery. This review explores the chemical composition and molecular mechanisms of curcumin, focusing on its ability to modulate inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10) and oxidative stress markers (e.g., SOD, GSH, MDA). Curcumin suppresses key pro-inflammatory pathways, including NF-κB and COX-2, while enhancing the body's endogenous antioxidant defenses. Its nano-delivery systems show promising results in improving curcumin’s pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy in various disease models. Overall, curcumin represents a potent natural agent with multi-target effects, and its nanoformulations offer a promising platform for future therapeutic applications in managing chronic inflammatory and oxidative stress-related disorders. Continued research is needed to translate these findings into clinical practice and to establish standardized, bioavailable formulations suitable for human use.