Valeriana wallichii has been traditionally used for various therapeutic applications, yet its anti-diabetic potential remains underexplored. This study investigates the pharmacognostic characteristics and anti-diabetic activity of V. wallichii extracts obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The extraction process was optimized using UAE, and the phytochemical composition was analyzed. The anti-diabetic potential was evaluated through in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays. Additionally, in silico molecular docking and network pharmacology studies were conducted to elucidate the interactions of bioactive compounds with key diabetic targets and metabolic pathways. The optimized UAE method significantly enhanced the yield of total phenolic and flavonoid content. The extract exhibited potent α-amylase (IC₅₀ = 60.36 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase inhibition (IC₅₀ = 54.64 µg/mL), demonstrating activity comparable to standard acarbose. Network pharmacology analysis revealed strong interactions of key phytoconstituents, including Beta-Sitosterol, Linoleic acid, and Hesperidin, with crucial metabolic targets such as PPARG, INSR, AKT1, PIK3R1, MTOR, and IGF1R. These targets are central to insulin signaling, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. Key pathways, including PPAR signaling, AMPK signaling, insulin resistance, and adipocytokine signaling, exhibited high connectivity (>400 edges), indicating their crucial role in metabolic homeostasis. The study underscores the polypharmacological potential of V. wallichii, where multiple bioactive compounds act synergistically to regulate metabolic pathways, a characteristic feature of natural product based drug discovery. V. wallichii demonstrates strong anti-diabetic potential through enzyme inhibition and modulation of key metabolic pathways. The findings highlight its multi-targeted therapeutic approach, supporting its potential use in diabetes management. Further in vivo and clinical studies are warranted to validate these results.