Thalassemia is a hematological disorder characterized by a partial or complete deficiency in the biosynthesis of globin polypeptide chains. Consequently, affected adults manifest with chronic anemia, systemic hemosiderosis due to iron overload, and dependency on periodic allogeneic blood transfusions. The experiment was conducted in Diwaniyah Governorate at the Women's and Children's Hospital / Thalassemia Center where data on thalassemia patients was collected between 15 September 2024 and 21 March 2025, including 100 people in total: 50 thalassemia-diagnosed patients and 50 healthy controls. Patients with thalassemia are categorized by gender and blood groups A, B, AB and O. The data collected from the patient and control groups were statistically analyzed using the SPSS statistical program (2013). The results indicated a statistically significant increase in serum urea levels (P < 0.05) and significant elevations in serum total bilirubin (TSB), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) (P < 0.01) in thalassemia patients. In contrast, serum creatinine levels showed a significant high decrease (P < 0.01) in patients compared to the control group. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and creatinine levels were also significantly decreased in the control group (P < 0.05), while hemoglobin (Hb) levels were significantly higher (P < 0.01) compared to the thalassemia group.